ABSTRACT
A new microextraction method named dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction [DLLME] for determination of chloroform in pool water and blood of swimmers after swimming is described. This method was performed based on coupling dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction [DLLME] with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]. Methanol and trichloroethylenes were used as the disperser solvent and the extraction solvents, respectively. The volumes of these solvents were optimized for pool water by central composite design. The study involved three indoor swimming pools and nine swimmers. Chloroform concentration of pool water was 118-135 micro g L[-1] and of blood ranged from 1.26 to 1.66 micro g L[-1]. Indoor swimming pools are closed environments presenting detectable levels of trihalomethanes [THMs]. Chloroform [CHCl3] is the most represented THMs. Therefore, the presence of CHCl3 may be considered representative of the THMs. The new method DLLME was applied for determination of CHCl3 in pool water and blood of swimmers after swimming inside the indoor swimming pool. The method was optimized by experimental design. Chloroform concentrations in the specified pool waters were 135, 124, 118 micro g L[-1]
Subject(s)
Humans , Chloroform/analysis , Swimming Pools/standards , Chloroform/blood , Research Design , Water , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , TrihalomethanesABSTRACT
El objetivo del proyecto realizado en la Especialización de Gestión en Rehabilitación fue implementar un programa de vigilancia y control del área de la piscina del Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt, para mejorar las condiciones sanitarias del agua y evitar la aparición y reproducción de agentes patógenos en el medio y en los usuarios que ingresan a ella.El Instituto Roosevelt es una entidad prestadora de servicios de salud ubicada en Bogotá, en donde la hidroterapia hace parte de la intervención fisioterapéutica. Al realizar un diagnóstico del área se evidenció que no se estaban haciendo los procesos indispensables que aseguraran las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias del agua de la piscina, razón por la cual se vio la necesidad de realizar una serie de actividades encaminadas a garantizar la calidad del agua y el adecuado funcionamiento del área para la protección de la salud de los pacientes, acompañantes, estudiantes, fisioterapeutas y operadores.Finalmente se logró en un alto porcentaje la implementación del Programa, siendo evidente el compromiso e interés institucional por éste
Subject(s)
Rehabilitation Centers/supply & distribution , Rehabilitation Centers , Hydrotherapy/classification , Hydrotherapy/nursing , Hydrotherapy , Swimming Pools/standardsABSTRACT
Microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of swimming pools in South Eastern states of Nigeria (Akwa Ibom and Cross River) were investigated. The bacterial isolates included Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Others were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus epidermidis, while fungal isolates were Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp, Aspergillus versicolor Fusarium sp, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Mucor sp, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Absidia sp. The total viable count of microorganims in Ibeno (B) and Uyo (E) swimming pools were 6 x 10(6) cfu/ml and for Calabar (H) swimming pool, 3.3 x 10(7) cfu/ml. The total coliform counts were 10(6) cfu/100 ml for Calabar (G) swimming pools and 2 x 10(7) cfu/100 ml for Calabar (H) swimming pools while the fungal count ranged from 5 x 10(6) cfu/ml to 3 x 10(7) cfu/ml. Physical and chemical parameters known to be hazardous to health were also identified. The presence of high levels of coliform and fecal coliform bacteria (E. coli) revelaed that the swimming pools have not met the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for recreational waters. The swimming pools constitute a serious public health hazard.
Subject(s)
Bacillus cereus/isolation & purification , Clostridium perfringens/isolation & purification , Colony Count, Microbial , Disinfection/standards , Enterococcus faecalis/isolation & purification , Fresh Water/analysis , Humans , Nigeria , Risk Factors , Swimming Pools/standards , Water Microbiology , Water Pollution/analysisABSTRACT
Siendo las Micobacterias capaces de sobrevivir en aguas corrientes y residuales; y a fin de valorar el riesgo de contaminacion humana, se realizo una investigacion dirigida a objetivos especificos, como ser: 1. Investigacion de Micobacterias en aguas de uso potable de domicilios y centros hospitalarios -En aguas, piscinas y saunas de uso publico -En aguas residuales y rios 2.Tipificacion y estudio de sensibilidad y resistencia a quimioterapicos 3. Demostrar el valor epidemiologico de las aguas contaminadas